CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The people understanding of purchasing  has in most times been restricted to purchasing  of tangible products.  Taking purchasing  to only applying to distributive trade and those activities that are involved in the purchasing  and distribution of manufactured goods.  However, broader strategic and conceptual philosophy recognizes and sees purchasing  to also applying to services firms like laundry and drying, hospitals, banking, insurance, education, legal services, entertainment, transportation etc.
Due to changes and more sphistication in the life of individuals, there has been a greater change in the demand and needs of man.  The urge for acquisition of tangible products has not been dominating in the satisfaction of human wants or needs.  There has a greater de3mand for services which helps to sustain the life of man, the need for legal services, need for entertainment, need for medical care, transportation service etc.  
This has also given rise to the establishment of many firms to take care pf these needs.
Also there has been a great been for companies to introduce not just purchasing  functions in their activities but also there is need for a strategic purchasing  operations to their activities so as to be able to satisfy the needs of the consumers and that of the company profit.
For the greater satisfaction of human needs and maximum profit for service industries, there is need for these companies to understand that their survival is based o effective and efficient satisfaction of their consumers.  Their needs and wants, attitudes and life style must be well understood so as to bring about a better operation in their work.
Service companies should also understand their “Services account for close to on behalf of the consumer expenditure” and that also even firms themselves spend most of their working capital on services for sustenance repair and maintenance of legal, insurance, banking, credit service etc. this therefore means that service companies would recognize the essence of purchasing  to be able to satisfy there services need of both firms and individuals.
There is need at this stage to explain what purchasing  in services industries. 
Purchasing  has been defined as meaning “The set of activities that facilitate exchange transactions involving economic goods and services”.
The services must therefore conform with their requisition.  It must also be worth the value they paid for it.  In the course of the transaction, the customer gets the best deal that is supposed.  The opportunity of their firms to make profit will depend on the customers services and patronage the get.  In as much as there is emphasis on profit for companies survival, this cannot be done outside the customer backing patronage.  The essence of purchasing  here therefore come in purchasing  emphasis should therefore not be neglected.  Service industries must therefore recognize the idea.
But due to the nature of services the only thing that should be understood is that although purchasing  is everything where the application to services industry will take a different farm only that the aim still remains the same, the customer satisfaction profit motive and proper co – ordination of the purchasing  related activities.

Service industry is simply firms who do not engage in production, exchange or purchasing  of tangible items rather they engage in creating satisfaction through offer of non – tangible things.
Transference is done without necessarily involving any tangible items.  What is mostly emphasized here is the satisfaction gotten in exchange of value from the customer.  It might involve a direct treatment on the customer education, medical services or it might involve many product usage laundry dry clearing, banking etc.
Purchasing  emphasis is greatly needed here to be able to satisfy the needs of the customers due to this sophistication in human life and subsequent establishment of service firm, there has also been greater increase in competition in the market place.  Service firm need a proper interpretation of purchasing  functions in other to be able to survive in the industry.
A proper check of competition will automatically not neglect the emphasis and recognition of purchasing  functions and activities to check this competition. Firms cannot afford to see them selves operate at below expectation due to the non – applicability of purchasing  in their firms activities.

Most of these firms have practiced purchasing  without knowing what they are doing promotion, pricing etc, or even without calling it that.  The emphasis should be that these firms should understand that there is a great need for them to identify and bring in purchasing  to their activities in a more sophistical and outward ways. 
Since service industry whether engaging in consumer services, industrial services or professional services depends on customers for survival and there is effective and better understanding of customer needs through purchasing  “Purchasing  is the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customers requirements profitable. 
Also according to Philip Kotler in his books purchasing  management, analysis, planning and control, he defined purchasing  “as a social process by which individual and groups obtain what they need and want though creating and exchanging products and services and value with others” from all the above definitions, we can see that the core purchasing  and his functions rests on customers satisfaction.

The satisfaction of the customer / customers is regard as supreme.  It can also be seen that there is a great emphasis on:
Product or services 
Exchange process 
Set of activities 
Profit motives.

The essence of satisfying consumers or customers will rest on providing them with either their service or products needs.  Management of these firms should therefore not just know what customers are very important in their operation but also should see purchasing  as one of the most important management function needed for their survival and profitability. 
The study should therefore concentrate on the role of purchasing  in the service industries but with a particular emphasis on the laundry and dry cleaning firms in Enugu.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Greater sophistication in human life has brought about divergence in his needs and wants.  Also this has brought increase in the services needs of man within the environment.  Increase in his service needs has also brought about more establishment of service firms within the society. 
These firms needs to satisfy the needs of the needs of the consumers in order to sustain increase competition within the industry for the effective satisfaction of human needs and sub-sequent survival of these firms, there is need for proper integration of purchasing  functions in all their activities. 
This study is therefore intended to look into the role of purchasing  in the service industry.  In doing this, it is hoped that the extent of purchasing  methodology application in our service firms could be assessed. 
Need in their purchasing  activities is hope to be established and also the notion trade should reassessed and corrected. 
This research is going to examine and study all the laundry and dry cleaning firms in Enugu.  The research will be carried out from the magazine laundry and institute of management and technology (IMT) Enugu application in our service firms could be assessed. 
Need in their purchasing  activities is hope to be established and also motion that purchasing  activities only applies to distributive trade, should reassessed and corrected.
This research is going to examine and study all the laundry and dry cleaning firms in Enugu.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The restricted understanding of purchasing  and its applications has been myopic.  The idea that purchasing  is concerned only with purchasing  of tangible goods that is erroneous.  And the fact that most people have not been able to understand the importance of purchasing  to services industry, need to be corrected and explained. 
The objectives of this research work include;

1. To assess the role of purchasing  in our service industries, the need to evaluate purchasing  functions and its proper application to service industry for a better and greater growth
2. To correct the impression that purchasing  as a management function is not needed in the service industry.
3. To bring to light benefit of application of purchasing  functions to service industry.
4. There is also the need to find the problems which service industries meets in purchasing  of their services.
5. To bring to the knowledge of management the difference in the purchasing  of product to that of services.

Since this project is going to involve systematic and comprehensive study in the area of purchasing  of services, it is hoped that it will help bring to light the fact that purchasing  is not only a function of manufacturing industries.

HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION 
The following hypothesis formulated are:
Ho1: The customers are not satisfied with the services of laundry and dry cleaning firms in Enugu.      

Ho2: The customers are satisfied with the services of laundry and dry cleaning firms in Enugu.      

Hi1:  The standard and quality of service rendered by laundry and dry cleaning firms in Enugu are not satisfactory to their customers. 
Hi2:  The standard and quality of service rendered by laundry and dry cleaning firms in Enugu are satisfactory to their customers.

H31: The staff and the customers of laundry and dry cleaning firms in Enugu do not maintain cordial relationship with their customers.

H32: The staff and the customers of laundry and dry cleaning firms in Enugu do maintain cordial relationship with their customers. 

SCOPE OF THE STUDY:
This research work covered laundry and dry cleaning firms in Enugu.

This research work covered mainly the laundry and dry cleaning firms in Enugu metropolis.

It is also covered selected laundry and dry cleaning firms in Enugu metropolis.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:
The essence of this research work should not be seen as merely for the sole purpose of the requirement for the award of certificate in purchasing . 
The study is beneficial and important in the context of the problem under study.  The benefits of this research can simply be stated as follows. 
This research will be beneficial to the management of the service firms by providing information towards a better application of purchasing  function in their firms.
It will help in the identification and service of customers and subsequently bringing in a greater profit margin for the firm.
It is hoped it will be beneficial to new comers into the service firms serving as a reference guide for better setting of purchasing  functions in the firms. 
The better understanding of purchasing  in service firms will bring about better allocation of resources to the different functions of purchasing  activities. 
This will help to dictate where resources should be better allocated and monitored.

Definition of terms:
Purchasing  – AGBO (2000:40) Is an economic activity that is oriented toward the sales function of needs and wants.

Colhr (England) defined it as the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating, analyzing and satisfying customers requirements profitably.

Service – Kotler (2002:444) can be defined as any act of performance that one party can offer to another that is essentially intangible and does not resist to the ownership of anything.  

Dry cleaning – This is the act of cleaning cloths material items etc without using water.  This is done without backing, dipping or actually washing an item using water.

Laundry – These are business or place where cloth are washed, dried and pressed.

Advertising – Ebue (2000:54) it ay paid form of non – personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods and services by an identified sponsor.

Market – Iwuozor (1998:4) is when two or more persons who are in contact with one another and carry out business transactions in any commodity or service.  It can be regarded as a theatre where economic actors perform. 
Purchasing  concept – AGBO (2000:41) It is a management orientation that holds the key table of organization is to determine the needs and want of target market and adopt the organization to deliver the desired satisfaction efficient to effective.